This study examines the lignocellulytic activities of the ethanol extract of Anacardium occidentale empty nut shell on some agricultural waste. The enzyme activity assay was carried out on the extract obtained. This was measured as micromole sugar released per min. Pretreatment and natural acid saccharification was done using the extract. The result obtained showed that the enzyme activity (/ml) for -1,4-exoglucanase, -1,4-endoglucanase and xylanase was maximum 3.70 0.43, 0.95 0.03 and 2.32 0.10, respectively. While maximum reducing sugar yield for the waste was from sugarcane chaff (491mg/g) and rice husk gave the lowest amount of 46mg/g. Bioethanol produced was highest in sugarcane chaff (20.701.40g/L) at 72 hr of incubation using the yeast Pichia caribbica (IMI 398400) and lowest in rice husk (3.223.22g/L) with the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (IMI 398399). This study showed that the ethanol extract of cashew nut shell is capable of producing cellulases and xylanase enzyme. The fermentation of hydrolysates obtained from the pretreatment and natural acid saccharification can give considerable amount of bioethanol thus assisting in effective waste management. Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Agro-waste, Cellulose, Bioethanol, Yeast, Pichia caribbica, Kluyveromyces marxianus.

Biocontrol agent often used to reduce sources of disease, such as bacteria, fungi, and mosquito. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi are increasing due to excessive used of antimicrobial substances. Chemical substances used to kill mosquito larvae in water environment might also be dangerous for human and environment. Hence, a biocontrol agent is required to be safe and effective. The purpose of this study is to discover bacteria from waterfall and marine water which has a good potential as biocontrol agent. Four waterfall bacteria (S 1.1, S 2.1, S 3.1, and S 3.2) and three marine bacteria (A 1.1, A 1.2, and PA 1.3C) were proved to have antifungal activity towards pathogenic fungal. PA 1.3A was the only marine bacteria which proved to have antimicrobial activity towards Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. Extraction of antimicrobial substance using several solvents resulted in larger clear zone diameter and inhibition of other bacteria, such as Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus aureus. Extracted antimicrobial substance of PA 1.3A was also proved to be non toxic towards Aedes aegypti larvae through larvicidal assay and mammals through brine shrimp lethality assay (LC50 > 1000g/mL).

Solubilization of calcium and iron phosphate and in vitro production of Indoleacetic acid by Endophytic isolates of Hyptis marrubioides Epling (Lamiaceae) Luciana Cristina Vitorino*1, Fabiano Guimares Silva1, Marcos Antnio Soares2, Edson Luiz Souchie1, Alan Carlos Costa1 and William Cardoso Lima2 1Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Rio Verde 2Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT) Plant growth and development are associated with access to minerals and phytohormones. Some microorganisms solubilize phosphate, producing phytohormones with functional features of plant growth promoters. The capacity of endophytic isolates from the root of Hyptis marrubioides Epling, a Lamiaceae, to solubilize calcium phosphate in GELP medium and iron phosphate in modified Reyes basal medium was characterized. Theability of these isolates to synthesize indoleacetic acid (IAA) in DYGS medium supplemented with tryptophan was also determined. Of the 42 bacterial and six fungal strains analyzed by solubilization assays, 20% formed CaHPO4-solubilization zones, although the level of solubilization was low. None of the fungi tested solubilized CaHPO4. In contrast, 59% of the microorganisms solubilized high levels of FePO4, and all of the fungi demonstrated this capacity. Among the bacterial isolates, 52% synthesized IAA, and strainsRF18, RG9, RF13 and RG24 were notable for their significant production of this phytohormone under test conditions (95.13, 39.28, 16.21 and 11.96 gmL-1, respectively). From a biotechnological perspective, the RG9, RG24 and RF18 strains are significant for their solubilization of high levels of FePO4 and abundant IAA production. Keywords: Solubilization halos, Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, Indoleacetic acid, Plant growth promoters.

is farming, which depends on rainfalls. This article presents statistical and trend analyses of the rainfall in Sokoto. Rainfall data in the city for a period of 1915- 2008 were collected from archives. The existence of trend and sequence of rainfalls were established using non-parametric techniques. The study revealed that overall averages of yearly and monthly total rainfall were 72624.03 mm and 61.7525.31 mm respectively. Yearly total, mean, maximum and minimum rainfalls have Mann-Whitney of 42, 57, 67 and 37 between 1947and 1977 with 43, 66, 60 and 107 in the period between 1978 and 2008. Sen.s estimator revealed that there are significant upward trends for yearly total (10.08mm/year), yearly mean (8.14 mm/year), maximum (6.84 mm/year) and minimum (10.72 mm/year) within a period of 1947 1977 and significant downward trends for yearly total (9.94mm/year), yearly mean (6.97 mm/year) and maximum (7.75 mm/year) within a period of 1978 2008. It was concluded that there is a significant downward trend in the yearly total and mean rainfalls at Sokoto in the last three decades (30years), which can be attributed to climate change. Keywords: Rainfall, Trend analysis, Statistical methods, Non-parametric techniques, upward trend.

This study was carried out between the years 2006-2009 on wild Rosa L. taxa of Trkiye. Important localities for the genus Rosa in Trkiye, soil, rock and vegetation characteristics of these localities and their taxon numbers were identified and classified. Important localities and the centers of diversity of the Rosa taxa present naturally in Trkiye are: Dedegl, Kakar, Sultan mountains, Tosya Ilgaz mountain Pass, Zigana Pass, and Brdelik Pass. Natural Rosa taxa growth is poor up to 600 m of altitude and at altitudes higher than 2000 m, but they are strongly distributed between 1000 and 2000 m. They prefer the sunny and southern slopes, with sandy soils having drainage, and on limestone and conglomerate rocks. Most of the roses in the country are of Mediterranean elements, and the Irano-Turanian elements come in second row. The presentations include the numerical values of the study.

We were as a healer and inventor Herb Milliherb. According to complaint patient that chronic pain symptoms of stroke is stating. We strive to find out method of physiotherapy or massage to increasing the blood flow. The knock nerves found out at the beginning of January 2012. The knock nerves is a physiotherapy or massage with a toothpick or brush, the knock nerves on the skin (ache, inflammation and tumor) is stimulate nerve periphery to increase blood flow with a toothpick or brush and smeared with Milligesic oil. The blood flow is running well, it can relieve pain symptoms, inflammation, shrink the tumor and that all diseases can be cured quickly. Herbal MILLIHERB is research formulas greater than 25 kinds of plants which the same effect, consisting of the main ingredients and other plant material, as a complement, synergistic to improve the efficacy of herbal medicine and the doses decrease. Fulfill the motto "All diseases have drugs and can be cure-all" Hypothesis: Blood flow running well can be cure all diseases because it can improve the function of all organs. with a knock nerves on the skin or the nervous periphery with a toothpick or brush and Milliherb herbal can activate periphery veins or nerves so that blood flow running well throughout the body to be smooth and all diseases heal faster.From the results of the cases study of the Knock Nerves and Herbal MILLIHERB can cure the diseases, especially for first aid stroke disease, pain, inflammation and shrink lumps of thyroid/tumor/ cancer. Even more rapid these healing than modern medicine for decreasing pains, ache, inflammation and shrink lumps and healing the diseases for treatment of stoke, thyroids, tuberculosis, intestine, glaucoma, hepatitis A/B/C, nephritis syndrome, ect. This therapy is better than modern medicine.