Traffic engineering plays a crucial role in modern urban planning, meeting the twin demands of mobility and safety as cities grow. This review synthesizes major developments in traffic flow modelling, intelligent signal control, and network design. It explores both microscopic and macroscopic models, including cellular automata and three-phase theory. It also examines transit signal priority, intelligent traveller systems, and context- sensitive street designs like shared space. The paper identifies gaps in real-time integration, automation readiness, and environmental design. It aims to support researchers and practitioners seeking effective, equitable traffic solutions.

The importance of agricultural production to Nigeria’s economy cannot be overemphasized. Several researchers have proposed various techniques towards quantifying the effects of agricultural production on our economy, but the factors motivating agricultural teachers into exposing young students to the practical aspect of agricultural production has not been discussed. To address this, this research assessed the factors motivating agricultural teachers towards exposing their students to agricultural production as source of livelihood: Case study of Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Data was collected using well-structured questionnaire and interview. The study involved 5 HODs and 25 teachers selected using purposive sampling technique and simple random sampling technique respectively. Data were analysed quantitatively using descriptive statistics, whereas content analysis techniques were used to analyze qualitative data collected using interview schedules. The analyzed data were presented in form of tables, pie-charts and bar-graphs where applicable. At the end of the study, it was revealed that the teaching experience of a high percentage of the respondents ranged between 16-20 years. It was indicated that the respondents were satisfied with their job. A higher percentage of the respondents were involved in agricultural production either subsistence or commercial. It was shown that only a few percentages of the respondents had 6-10 years farming experience. However, among other methods of land acquisition, the land acquisition by inheritance was mostly adopted by the respondents. Most of the respondents were active members of a farmers’ association, and they have passion for agricultural production, hence, planned to continue in the practice as a primary source of livelihood after retirement from teaching profession. It was gathered that various factors like supervision, leadership, work environment condition, perceived fairness in promotion system and promotion opportunities elsewhere affects job satisfaction. The study discovered that most of the respondents are into crop farming as a secondary means of livelihood and eighty (80) percent of the teachers are willing to expose their students into agricultural production as a source of livelihood, which will eventually alleviate poverty and reduce the search for white collar jobs in Nigeria.

Increasing peer-pressure for publishing research articles accounts for the several instances of misconducts in the form of fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, salami slicing and authorship related issues. Advancement in technology has not only enabled the process of speedy publications but also the detection of unethical practices. Instances of paper retraction and suspension of authors is leading to loss of trust among researchers. A continuous training on research ethics needs to be encouraged from the level of universities and research institutes. This article aims to im- bibe a sense of responsibility among authors, reviewers, editors and publishers in making correct ethical decision in research publication in order to achieve a healthy research outcome. Key words: Ethics in research, research misconducts, Committee on Publication Ethics. To ‘publish or perish’ has been the keynote for professional existence of many academicians. Publications are the index to measure a research- er’s accomplishments, for assessing productivity, evaluate-ng credits for their contributions in a specific field and drive to take up innovative pro- jects. They are frequently important in the current scenario for recruitment and appraisal process or achieving a prestigious grant or thrive in a com- petitive research environment. Consequently, there has been an explosion in publishing in the last few decades. Researchers are in a rat-race for getting their papers published in high impact

Key words: Mother-child bonding, Passive immunity, Memory B cells. Mothers kiss their babies- a very common behavior found in almost all mammals including

Key words: Plasmodium, Malaria, EBL, EBA, IDP, IDR, drug target, plasticity, evolution. Malaria is a fatal disease caused by the infection and proliferation of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium species, carried by arthropoda vector. In tropical countries numerous people die due to lack of effective anti-malarial drugs and drug resistance. Malaria transmission occurs widely in tropical climates such as large areas of Africa and South Asia and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Oceania. Hence, to prevent malarial epidemic, we should focus on the mechanism of parasitaemia during malaria as well as the role of different proteins

Key Words: Cryo-electron microscopy, ribosome, single particle reconstruction, Direct Electron Detectors, Image processing. Ribosomes form one of the main bases of life as they are the molecular manufacturing centres for the production of cellular proteins that in turn regulate major chemical processes of the cell, maintain integrity, helps in damage repair and other barrage of cellular activities that help in making the cell viable and running. Thus, translation, or, protein synthesis, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, is one of the crucial and fundamental molecular mechanisms of the cell, in which peptide chains are synthesized from the triplet codons present in messenger RNA (mRNA) with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and the entire process is regulated and executed within the master manufacturer- the ribosome. Ribosomes are complex macromolecular machines consisting of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and proteins. The ribosome recruits corresponding stage factors (initiation, elongation, release and recycling) for precise and immaculate execution of translation and each of these factors in consortium with the ribosome, forms definitive complexes dedicated to carry out their designated actions efficiently and meticulously, rendering the movement and speed of this process to be highly complex yet accurate. Ribosome is the essential platform of this process as the codons are read and the synthesis of peptide chain occurs here. Essentially both the free and bound

Recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused the greatest crisis in human civilisation worldwide. Initially started in Wuhan, China it has gradually spread all over the world due to the time taken by the people to understand the seriousness of the disease. Initial symptoms are unremarkable and typical of upper respiratory tract viral infection, followed by dry unproductive coughing, low grade fever and ultimately full blown feature of pneumonia requiring hospitalisation and respiratory assistance including ICU and ventilation. Older adults, immunocompromised patients and those with sev- eral co-morbidities fall in higher risk categories irrespective of age. In this paper the origin, spread of infection and virulence, preventive steps, diagnosis and recent trends in clinical management is discussed in detail. Future implica- tions on socio-economic point of view is mentioned in global as well as in national perspective. Key words: COVID-19, SARS-CoV, RT-PCR,G-6-PD, Quarantine. The greatest crisis human civilization has ever faced in recent days is the toll of COVID-19 worldwide. The brunt of attack is fiercer than that of World War I&II. The infection of this con- tagious viral disease is more than the wildfire spread. This has haunted the sleep of human race. A single stranded RNA virus with a capsid- cover is declaring war against multicellular or- ganisms like human being having endless num- ber of DNA and RNA.

1 International Institute of Innovation and Technology (I3T), DH-6/24, Street No. 0317, Action Area- ID, New Town, Kolkata- 700156. West Bengal, India. This review explores why hyperthermia should be chosen as a better modality of treatment to treat cancer in combination with PARP inhibitors. Key words: DNA damage repair, PARP, homologous recombination, hyperthermia, PARP inhibitors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a menace to human life worldwide. This has triggered the thrust for the develop- ment of effective therapeutics and vaccines based on varied strategies. The trend for the repurposing of approved molecules or those already in the clinical stage of development for other indications has been currently explored to facilitate speedy identification of safe and effective drugs. Passive immunization through use of monoclonal antibod- ies and convalescent plasma therapy has been an investigational treatment from our previous knowledge of SARS and MERS. The landscape for vaccine development represents several novel agents based on diverse technologies that have already entered into fast track clinical trials. A new paradigm for identifying safe and immunogenic vac- cines may be achieved through adaptive development and innovative regulatory process to address the unmet need in a short span compared to the conventional timeframe. This article aims to consolidate the status of the therapeu- tics and vaccines in the developmental pipeline for COVID-19. Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Vaccine development. The novel corona virus disease (referred to as COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019 with its epicenter at Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province in China, the causative agent being novel corona virus (1). The disease is characterised by acute to severe respiratory illness along with fever, dry cough, fatigue, nasal congestion, sore throat and diarrhoea. The novel virus has been named SARS-CoV-2 by the Coro- navirus Study Group (CSG) of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) due to its resemblance with the RNA genome of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which made its appearance in the early 2000s. Both of these