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The aim of the current investigation was to investigate the effect of date pits phenolic compounds compared to BHT as synthetic antioxidant on lipid oxidation and quality of ground beef during refrigerated storage at 0.00 ± 0.50˚C for up to 10 days. Khalas variety of date pits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) phenolic compounds was extracted with 4 solvents (Water, methanol, methanol: water (50:50 v/v) and methanol: water: acetone: formic acid (20:40:40:1). Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used for determination of the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of date pits. Results indicated that the highest antioxidant was shown by the date pits extract (Water: methanol: acetone: formic acid), therefore 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 % of either date pits extract and BHT were added to minced meat and evaluate it's effects on the lipid peroxidation of ground beef during storage process. TBA test as quality assurance test was conducted at the beginning of the experiment and after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of storage. The results of this study showed that the date pits extract (Water: methanol: acetone: formic acid) had significantly the highest levels of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Also, the obtained results indicated that phenolic compounds in date pits of khalas variety had high antioxidative effect in reducing the formation of hydroperoxides during storage.

Twelve isolates of endophytic bacilli were obtained from the inner tissue of Jatropha curcas L. roots, a potentially important biofuel feedstock plant. In vitro studies were performed to test the phosphate solubilisation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production of these isolates, of which four possessed these abilities. Based on phenotypic, physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic studies, the four isolates were identified as Bacillus (two Bacillus megaterium, one Bacillus thuringiensis and one yet to be identified. Bacillus megaterium BP4D strain exhibited the highest phosphate solubilisation level and IAA production level, and an overall plant growth-promoting effect, resulting in the enhancement of vegetative parameters. This study discusses the differential growth promotion in Jatropha curcas L. by different strains of Bacillus and demonstrates the potential use of Bacillus megaterium BP4D strain as a biofertiliser.

There are principles and basic concepts shared by many African, Europe, American, Asia, South East Asia and the Middle East musical culture irrespective of their ethnic, linguistic, geographical cultural differences and variation. These principles and basic concepts help to establish a mark of identity when compared from one musical culture to the other, within the same musical culture and even within a subgroup. Their mark of identity lies in their pitch structure, hence the identity of a piece of music is ordinarily assumed to derive from the way that pitch is organized within it. According to Webster’s New Encyclopedia Dictionary (2002:1828), Structure is the arrangement of particles or parts in a substance or body’s organization of parts as dominated by the general character of the whole or the aggregate of the element of an entity in their relationship to each other. Pitch vis-à-vis structure has to do with the organization/arrangement of pitches (which is how high or low a sound is) depending on the vibration frequency within the peripheries of a given standard found in a particular culture or generally accepted standard operates modulates. In trying to describe pitch structure of any musical culture, one would have to mind the following;  what collection of notes belong together (in defining major and minor tonality)  which notes from these collection are more important than the other and are likely to occur at the beginning or ending of succession of notes or melodies (in defining the tonal function – tonic, dominant o the different scale notes)  which note collection may occur simultaneously with others (in defining triadic chord configurations) Page No : 1 Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal | ISSN - 2299-8624 | http://journalreofscience.org/  which similarities are functionally similar (in defining inversional and substitutive equivalence of chords)  which keys are more closely related and which are more remotely related (in defining key relationship)  the ways in which the tonal function of a melody determines which notes will succeed one another (as in rules of voice leading) and  the way in which principles of combining notes in chords and melodies will interact (as in defining clustered, sparsely, tonal and atonal music) Consequently, relations between sets of pitches termed as a pitch class sets (ordered and unordered) such as transposition, inversion and even reduction can lead to two different sets being regarded as more or less similar even though their constituent frequencies are different. Describing sets and set types Rahn (1980:27), comments that the fundamental concept of musical set theory is the (musical set) which is an ordered collection of pitch classes. Pitch class sets are groups of pitch classes that have no real structure to them that are related to one another either by transposition or inversion. Western tonal music uses twelve pitch classes each of which is represented in each octave of the entire range of pitches. Other musical culture like Asia and African cultures other than the twelve pitch classes, uses five pitch classes, two pitch classes, three pitch classes, six pitch classes, seven pitch classes as prevalent in their music typology. PITCH CONCEPT: WESTERN AND AFRICAN PERCEPTIVE Music is an intuitive natural phenomenon operating in the three (3) Words of Time, Pitch and Energy under the three distinct and interrelated organizational structures of Rhythm, Harmony and Melody. Music uses sound, sound is primarily a physical phenomenon around the propagation and perception of energy waves in a certain frequency range. Pitch as one of the properties of sound, refers to the high-low quality of a musical sound. Pitch is determined by the frequency of tone (that is, the number of vibrations per second). According to Joseph (1984:27); Pitch is the location of a tone in the musical scale in relation to high or low. Pitch is determined by